Bachelor of Applied Science (Construction Management) (2023)

Undergraduate CUR-CME-DEG-2023

Manage construction projects with confidence

Become a project manager, quantity or building surveyor, estimator or contract administrator. Study domestic, commercial and civil construction technology, measurement and estimating, project management, and contract and cost management.

Available loans

Australian Higher Education Loan Program (HELP)

Total subjects

31

Price

From

$34,752

Study method

Online & on-campus

Assessments

100% online

CSP Available

Yes

Credit available

Yes

(Video) SIM-RMIT Bachelor of Applied Science (Construction Management)

Applications Close

  • 14 May 23
  • 13 Aug 23
  • 12 Nov 23

Start your career with Curtin’s globally recognised courses and extensive industry connections. Through OUA, their online courses offer an interactive and collaborative learning experience that gets you the same degree as if you studied on campus. Curtin is a global university with a vibrant culture of innovation and collaboration and is ranked in the top one per cent of universities worldwide.

Learn more about Curtin.

QS Ranking 2023

13

Times Higher Education Ranking 2023

11

Need help?

Our student advisors are here to guide you with:

  • Enrolling and eligibility
  • Fee and loan information
  • Credit and recognition for prior learning
  • 2023

Degree structure

29

Core subjects

+

2

Major subjects

+

Elective subjects

(Video) Bachelor of Applied Science (Construction Management) at Curtin

=

Degree

Degree details

What you'll learn

At the completion of this degree students will be able to:

  1. apply key concepts of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, apply Construction Management and Quantity Surveying knowledge and extend this application through discipline based research.
  2. think creatively and innovatively in a building construction context to generate solutions to complex construction problems.
  3. access information from a wide range of sources using appropriate technologies and use decision making and problem solving knowledge to generate appropriate outcomes.
  4. communicate appropriately to a broad array of construction stakeholders and the wider community audience.
  5. recognise and apply the appropriate technologies to building construction processes and society.
  6. develop and manage learning strategies to advance themselves in a building construction leaning community.
  7. understanding the international perspective of construction management and quantity surveying and apply international practices.
  8. appreciate the cultural diversity of the wider community as it impacts on building construction, recognise indigenous rights with the regard to building construction.
  9. manage construction processes in an effective, ethical and professional way, recognise and apply environmentally responsible practices in a construction context.
Career opportunities

The Bachelor of Applied Science (Construction Management) degree is designed in collaboration with construction industry professionals and qualifies graduates to work as:

  • Building Technician
  • Building Surveyor
  • Building Contractor
  • Construction Manager
  • Contract Administrator
  • Estimator
  • Facilities Manager
  • Property Developer
  • Quantity Surveyor

Professional recognition

This degree is accredited by the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors, The Chartered Institute of Building and Board of Quantity Surveyors Malaysia (Honours Stream).

Entry requirements

Open enrolment subjects

Open Enrolment Subjects

The restricted Bachelor of Applied Science (Construction Management) degree has eight open enrolment subjects which students may enrol into without having to submit an Application Form. These subjects are: APC100, CME104, CME180, CME101, CME103, CME106, BAS145 and CME190.

Students who successfully complete two of these open enrolment subjects (of which one must be APC100 and the other either CME104 OR CME180) AND meet English language competency may apply under the Academic Eligibility category for admission for admission to the degree, provided they have satisfied other eligibility criteria.

Students who successfully complete four of these open enrolment subjects (of which one must be APC100 and the other either CME104 OR CME180) may apply under the Academic Eligibility category for admission to degree, provided they have satisfied other eligibility criteria.

See Entry Requirements above for more details.

Open enrolment subjects as electives

Students who do not satisfy all of the Eligibility requirements for this degree, or students who do not intend to apply for admission to this degree, may study the Open enrolment subjects as electives. Please refer to the Award Requirements or Electives sections on your degree page for information about the maximum number of level 1 electives you may include in your degree.

Higher education via OUA

  • Successful completion of two of the recommended eight OUA open enrolment subjects: APC100 and CME104 OR CME105, and separate evidence of English language proficiency; OR
  • Successful completion of four OUA full degree level subjects at pass level, of which two should be APC100 and CME104 OR CME105. (This satisfies the English language proficiency requirement.)

Higher education

  • Successful completion of one full time semester (four standard subjects) towards an Undergraduate or higher level of study at an Australian University (separate evidence of English proficiency is not required)

Secondary education

  • Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank (ATAR) 70 or equivalent. Students must have English ATAR, Literature ATAR or English as an Additional Language/Dialect ATAR. Mathematics Applications ATAR. Desirable Mathematics Methods ATAR or Mathematics Specialist ATAR. To determine your eligibility for entry please refer to Interstate Year 12 and IB Students, TISC Tertiary Institutions Service Centre link http://www.tisc.edu.au/static/guide/prerequisites-comparison.tisc

VET studies

  • Completion of an Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) Diploma or Advanced Diploma or Associate Diploma. You may also be eligible for credit toward your university study;OR
  • Completion of an Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) Certificate IV and evidence of English proficiency.

Work and Life

  • Successful completion of the Special Tertiary Admissions Test (STAT). (Please note this test is valid for two years.)
  • Finished secondary education more than two years ago
  • Bridging and enabling degree entry
    • Curtin Enabling Program: UniReady - https://www.open.edu.au/degrees/uniready-enabling-subjects-curtin-university-cur-unr-deg
  • Enabling degrees completed through other Australian Universities which meet minimum entry requirements for that institution will be accepted as minimum entry requirements for this degree.

Additional Information

English Proficiency Requirements

Applicants need to meet Curtin's English Language requirements. You normally need ONE of the following:

  • Must have a 50% minimum in English ATAR (or equivalent).
  • Completion of at least one full time semester (or equivalent) of Undergraduate level studies at an Australian University
  • Completion of an Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) Diploma or Advanced Diploma or Associate Diploma
  • Successful completion of two degree level subjects via Open Universities Australia (OUA) and English proficiency
  • Successful completion of two degree level subjects at an Australian university and English proficiency
  • Successful completion of the Special Tertiary Admissions Test (STAT). (Please note this test is valid for two years.)

Please refer to the 'Minimum English Language Proficiency Requirements' document at https://study.curtin.edu.au/applying/english-language-requirements/.

*** Please Note: If any academic or legal document is not in English, you must provide a colour scan of the non-English documents, including a colour scan of the official English translations of these documents. This is for comparison purposes. ***

Practicum placement

Work experience requirement

It is a graduation requirement for students to complete 80 days of work experience in the construction industry. The work experience must be in approved professional roles which are relevant to the degree (e.g. quantity surveying, construction management, project management, building surveying, property development, contract administration, construction law, procurement/supply chain management etc.). This must be undertaken in an organization having valid registration, conducting their business as a construction entity or consultancy firm, or a public or private organization in which construction or project procurement is their primary business.

Professional experience must be recorded in an official logbook, to be submitted as an assessment in the Level 4 subject CME403 Integrated Construction Project 1. It is the responsibility of students to make their own arrangements for gaining the required experience, which may be undertaken during vacations or in employment while studying as a part-time student.

Credit for previous study or work

Credit for Recognised Learning (CRL) is assessed on individual merit and is awarded for different types of learning, for example, studies you have previously completed or for relevant work experience.

Students must be admitted in an award degree of study before lodging their completed CRL application, along with all required supporting documentation for a formal assessment.

To apply for CRL, please visit the Curtin University website: https://study.curtin.edu.au/credit/

It is important to note accepted documentation includes scans of the original Transcripts and/or Award Certificate; front and back; in colour; and original size. For further information see the scanned documents and certification requirements and guidelines.

More information about the policies and procedures related to CRL assessment and appealing a CRL assessment outcome can be found in the Credit for Recognised Learning Policy (PDF).

(Video) Christelle's story - Bachelor of Applied Science (Construction Management)
Description

The Bachelor of Applied Science (Construction Management) is a 4 year, full-time equivalent program. The first 3 levels comprised of 20 subjects (20 x 25 credit). The fourth level of study is within either a Professional or an Honours Stream involving a research based thesis (both streams comprise 7 subjects (6 x 25 credit plus 1 x 50 credit).Students will get to pick one Specialisation stream as part of the program which comprised of 4 subjects (4 x 25 credit). Overall the degree is a total of 31 subjects.

Bachelor Degrees prepare students to develop broad and coherent knowledge and skills in a discipline for professional work and further learning corresponding to AQF level 7 qualifications. The honours component prepares students to develop advanced knowledge and skills for professional work, research and further learning corresponding to AQF level 8 qualifications.

This program is a management-orientated practice-based program which covers a broad range of interrelated disciplines including domestic, commercial and civil construction. It focuses on several core subject areas, including technology, measurement and estimating, project management, contracts administration, cost management and communication.

As part of this program, students select a Specialisation from the following:

  • Animation and Game Architecture Design - Learn the fundamentals of the exciting area of animation and game design. You will create immersive experiences, learn techniques for 3D modelling and animation, develop creative and compelling visuals, and use motion graphics and game related technologies.
  • Interior Architecture - Understand principles informing Interior Architecture design considerations including design elements, interior theory, philosophy, practice and aesthetics that impact and inform spatial experience.
  • Planning and Geography - Understand key concepts and approaches for understanding cities as cultural landscapes, including urban and regional planning principles, governance, social geographies of cities, geographical analysis, and spatial experience at an urban scale.

The program includes a requirement to complete 80-days of industry-based work experience prior to graduation.

The final year of the program includes a capstone project, allowing students to extend their knowledge of current academic research methodology. For students invited to complete the Honours Stream during their fourth year, this project will culminate with the submission of an Honours Dissertation.

Frequently Asked Questions.

FAQs - Bachelor of Applied Science CME (PDF, 74 KB)

Degree structure details

Recommended Study Pattern

The degree has been designed to be a sequential progression, meaning that students are expected to complete subjects in Level order. Students must complete any prerequisite subjects required. The standard full-time study load is two subjects per study period.

On completion of your Level 1 subjects, you will be required to select a Specialisation from the list. Your Specialisation consists of 4 subjects in a discipline area complementary to Construction Management. Please refer to the Description for details of the available Specialisations.

Subjects will not generally be offered in every study period and may not be available at the time that you wish to study them. If you wish to enrol in a part-time load then please select one unit from the two listed for each study period.

The Bachelor of Applied Science (Construction Management) is a 4 year, full-time equivalent program. The first 3 levels comprised of 20 subjects (20 x 25 credit). The fourth level of study is within either a Professional or an Honours Stream involving a research based thesis (both streams comprise 7 subjects (6 x 25 credit plus 1 x 50 credit).Students will get to pick one Specialisation stream as part of the program which comprised of 4 subjects (4 x 25 credit). Overall the degree is a total of 31 subjects.

Award Requirements

The Bachelor of Applied Science (Construction Management) is a 4 year full-time equivalent program. Students must complete a total of 31 subjects, comprised of:

In Levels 1, 2 and 3:

  • 20 Core subjects; AND
  • 4 Specialisation subjects*; AND

In Level 4, a total of 7 subjects, EITHER:

  • Professional Stream - including a capstone project the double subject CME417 Integrated Construction Project 2; OR
  • Honours Stream - including a research-based thesis in the double subject CME409 Building Dissertation 2.

* Please note: Students must select a Specialisation from the list provided. Please refer to the Description for details of the available Specialisations.

Please note that students can be terminated from this degree if they fail to make satisfactory progress.

Transition arrangements

2023 Changes

This degree has undergone a major change which will be rolled out progressively commencing in 2023.

Subjects listed below will be removed from the degree structure and retired, however these old subjects will continue to be offered for transitioning students for a limited period of time.

If you have commenced study before SP3 2022, AND:

  • Have completed (or been credited for) CME105 Introduction to Measurement of Construction Works (Final Delivery SP3 2022), you MUST also complete CME201 Building Measurement (Final Delivery SP1 2023).
  • Have not completed (or been credited for) CME105 Introduction to Measurement of Construction Works (Final Delivery SP3 2022), you will have to complete the new subject, CME180 Building Consutrction Measurement (Available from SP1 2023).
  • Have completed (or been credited for) CME109 Construction Project Safety Management (Final Delivery SP4 2022), you MUST also complete CME416 Quality in Construction (Final Delivery SP4 2023).
  • Have not completed (or been credited for) CME109 Construction Project Safety Management (Final Delivery SP4 2022), you will have to complete the new subject, CME190 Health, Safety & Quality in the Built Environment (Available from SP2 2023).
  • Have completed (or been credited for) CME209 Sustainable Construction (Final Delivery SP2 2023), you MUST also complete CME301 Infrastructure Construction (Final Delivery SP3 2023).
  • Have not completed (or been credited for) CME209 Sustainable Construction (Final Delivery SP2 2023), you will have to complete the new subject, CME325 Sustainable Construction Practices in Bldgs & Infrastructure (Available from SP1 2024).
  • Have completed (or been credited for) CME208 Cost Planning (Final Delivery SP4 2023), you MUST also complete CME308 construction Estimating and Risk Management (Final Delivery SP3 2024).
  • Have not completed (or been credited for) CME208 Cost Planning (Final Delivery SP4 2023), you will have to complete the new subject, CME215 Construction Estimating and Cost Planning (Available from SP2 2024).
  • Have completed (or been credited for) CME303 Project Delivery Systems (Final Delivery SP2 2024), you MUST also complete CME309 Construction Contracts and Law (Final Delivery SP2 2024).
  • Have completed (or been credited for) CME308 Construction Estimating and Risk Management (Final Delivery SP3 2024), you MUST also complete CME402 Project Development and Appraisal (Final Delivery SP4 2024).
  • Have not completed (or been credited for) CME107 Site Management (Final Delivery SP2 2023), you will have to complete the new subject, BAS145 Architecture & Int Arch Methods 1B - Digital Literacy (Available from SP2 2023).

IMPORTANT: The Final Delivery is the last study period and year that you will be able to enrol in the subjects which are being "taught-out". If you do not successfully complete these subjects before they are retired, you should seek advice before you enrol in any further subjects at Ask Connect | Curtin University.

(Video) Bachelor of Applied Science (Construction Management) (Honours) (Top-up) by RMIT University

The Transition Tables below show subjects that have or will be changed in the new degree structure and recommendations regarding enrolment for transitioning students. Transitional arrangements will depend upon the subjects already successfully completed (or for which credit has been granted) prior to SP3 2022, however the Transition Tables should help you to plan your own enrolment for the remainder of your degree.

Transition Table 2023 (PDF)

Please Note: This degree also underwent a major change in 2019. If you commenced study before 2019, you are strongly advised to seek advice from Curtin Connect at Ask Connect | Curtin University.

2019 Changes

During 2018, this degree has undergone a major degree review.As a result of this review a number of subjects have changed what year they should be taken in and 1 subject has been removed.Details are:

Subject Replacements

  • If you have completed (or been credited for) CME108 Construction Law, you do not have to complete the new subject, CME309 Construction Contracts and Law.
  • If you have not completed (or been credited for) CME108 Construction Law, you will have to complete the new subject, CME309 Construction Contracts and Law.
  • If you have completed (or been credited for) CME207 Construction Project Safety Management, you do not have to complete the new subject, CME109 Construction Project Safety Management.
  • If you have not completed (or been credited for) CME207 Construction Project Safety Management, you will have to complete the new subject, CME109 Construction Project Safety Management.
  • If you have completed (or been credited for) CME304 Quality in Construction, you do not have to complete the new subject, CME416 Quality in Construction.
  • If you have not completed (or been credited for) CME304 Quality in Construction, you will have to complete the new subject, CME416 Quality in Construction.
  • If you have completed (or been credited for) CME305 Contract Administration, you do not have to complete the new subject, CME415 Contract Administration.
  • If you have not completed (or been credited for) CME305 Contract Administration, you will have to complete the new subject, CME415 Contract Administration.
  • If you have completed (or been credited for) CME407 Sustainable Construction, you do not have to complete the new subject, CME209 Sustainable Construction.
  • If you have not completed (or been credited for) CME407 Sustainable Construction, you will have to complete the new subject, CME209 Sustainable Construction.
  • If you have completed (or been credited for) CME406 Integrated Construction Project 2, you do not have to complete the new subject, CME417 Integrated Construction Project 2 and please kindly contact the Digital Learning Team for the updated study plan;
  • If you have not completed (or been credited for) CME406 Integrated Construction Project 2, you will have to complete the new subject, CME417 Integrated Construction Project 2.

Removed Subjects

  • If you have completed (or been credited for) CME401 Construction Risk Management, this will be credited against the elective subject.

Easy apply

You can apply direct through Open Universities Australia.

Once you've checked your eligibility, apply and enrol for this degree following the steps. This degree also allows you to get started with Open access.

1

Select ‘Apply now’

Choose subjects to begin your application. You can choose 1 or 2 subjects to start.

2

Choose how you want to start

You can apply for the full degree or if you want to start with Open access, enrol into the subjects using the ‘Single subjects’ option.

You can apply for the degree later and the subjects may be credited towards the degree.

3

Complete your details

Provide your details and select a funding option. You can pay up-front or apply for government funding in your application.

We're here to help answer your questions. Our friendly student advisors provide 7 day support.

Open access

This degree offers Open access entry, exclusive to Open Universities Australia.

There’s more than one way to get a degree. Open access allows you to start with single subjects as a way into eligible degrees, regardless of your study history.

Enrol into and complete the required Open access subjects to earn entry in this degree. Most subjects have no entry requirements, are fully government funded (if you’re eligible) and may be credited when you start the degree.

The best part? You can enrol and get started with single subjects now.

(Video) Conrad's story - Bachelor of Applied Science (Construction Management)

FAQs

Is a construction science degree worth it? ›

Is a Construction Management Degree Worth It? Yes, it can be, for the right person in the right circumstances. Pursuing higher education of any kind is a wise investment in your future, so of course earning a degree in construction management is a good choice.

What is the best degree for construction? ›

A Civil Engineering degree will allow you to work in both fields. All you need to decide is whether you want to be more involved in the entire development and planning process or if you want to become a construction manager and take the on-site responsibilities of construction projects.

Is an associate's in construction management worth it? ›

Yes, you should. If you have a passion for management and the construction industry, an associate degree is your best option to begin your career. It offers the technical skills to explore high-level career options in the industry and offers foundational education for advanced degrees.

What is construction science salary? ›

Construction Science And Engineering pays an average salary of $455,491 and salaries range from a low of $400,715 to a high of $516,170. Individual salaries will, of course, vary depending on the job, department, location, as well as the individual skills and education of each employee.

How much does construction science management pay? ›

As of Feb 6, 2023, the average annual pay for a Construction Science Management in the United States is $61,319 a year. Just in case you need a simple salary calculator, that works out to be approximately $29.48 an hour. This is the equivalent of $1,179/week or $5,109/month.

What degree is best for a construction manager? ›

Relevant undergraduate Construction Degrees include:
  • Construction Management.
  • Civil Engineering.
  • Engineering.
  • Architecture.
  • Construction Science.

Can you make a lot of money in construction management? ›

Construction Managers made a median salary of $98,890 in 2021. The best-paid 25% made $127,110 that year, while the lowest-paid 25% made $76,960.

Is construction management a hard career? ›

Construction management requires a lot of responsibility and hard work: You will be in charge of a construction project from beginning to end. In order to get the job done, there are important qualities that a construction manager should possess. According to the BLS, these include: Analytical skills.

Which construction job makes the most money? ›

Find out about the Top 10 Highest Paying Construction Careers, what they do and what education you need to start your career.
  • Senior Project Manager. ...
  • Architect. ...
  • Civil Engineer. ...
  • Construction Manager. ...
  • Heavy Construction Equipment Supervisor. ...
  • Construction Estimator. ...
  • Construction Inspector.
Aug 26, 2022

What is bachelor of science in construction? ›

The BSc Construction Studies degree prepares students for professional careers in the construction and built environment sector. This includes project management, construction management, quantity surveying, site management, etc.

What are the benefits of studying construction management? ›

Throughout the course, you'll develop a better understanding of how to lead construction projects, including the challenges that you may face. You'll gain practical skills that will help you to plan, coordinate and supervise both small and large-scale projects.

Is there a lot of math in construction management? ›

Construction management (CM) professionals use construction-related math skills daily in many aspects of their work. These math skills include adding and subtracting lengths, finding areas and volumes, and changing from one unit of measurement to another.

Does construction management take a lot of math? ›

A lot of what you will do as a construction manager will include looking at complex charts, CAD diagrams, and other drawings. You'll need a strong understanding of general math, and the program will go on to develop your skills in geometry and trigonometry.

Is construction management a stressful job? ›

It's no secret that construction stress is a widespread issue. Feast-or-famine schedules require long hours during busy periods, with stress over the bottom line when the work is slow. Ever-tightening timelines and even tighter margins mean every day has to be maximized.

What do construction managers do? ›

Construction managers, often called general contractors or project managers, coordinate and supervise a variety of projects, including building public, residential, commercial, and industrial structures as well as roads and bridges.

Is construction science a STEM major? ›

Yes, The Master of Construction Science degrees are STEM-recognized programs which qualify students on an F-1 visa to work in the U.S. for up to three years following graduation.

Is construction a good career to get into? ›

The construction sector offers great salary opportunities and many roles are extremely well paid. As your career progresses, invariably salary progression will occur in line with rewarding job opportunities. This is particularly true when demand is so high for skilled workers.

Is there a high demand for construction managers? ›

“It's about building that path forward as a team.” The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects 7.6% employment growth for construction managers between 2021 and 2031. In that period, an estimated 36,400 jobs should open up.

Is construction management better than MBA? ›

Masters in Construction Management focuses exclusively on the field of CM - it includes all aspects of managing a construction project and company. MBA-CM, on the other hand, focuses on businesses in general, with a few special courses in CM. You are better off pursuing CM, rather than MBA-CM.

How many years is construction management course? ›

The duration of B.Sc. in construction management is 3 years. The B. Tech or B.E. in construction management programme is offered with the duration of 4 years.

Is it worth becoming a construction manager? ›

They often have good job security

Construction companies are likely to always have a demand for managers, and increasing populations and federal requirements for updating buildings lead to a consistent need for construction companies, meaning the position comes with good job security.

Do construction managers make more than engineers? ›

According to Indeed's salary statistics, there is not a major difference between the salaries of a construction manager and a civil engineer. In the United States, a construction manager's average salary is $80,139 per year , while a civil engineer's average salary is $87,277 per year .

What is higher than a construction manager? ›

The main difference is the level of authority.

A CM oversees all construction activities. A PM supervises the CM. The project manager has greater responsibility to the project, as he/she oversees more than the construction process. Therefore, a project manager will often supervise a construction manager.

Why does construction management pay so much? ›

There's a reason why a construction manager salary is so high. In this crucial role, you'll be expected to supervise and advise staff on all the matters associated with the day-to-day running of the job site.

Why do construction managers make so much money? ›

Construction managers work on big projects and manage a lot of people, so they are paid well to do it. This is a fast-paced career that not everyone can stick with, so it makes sense that they make a big paycheck.

What does a construction manager do on a daily basis? ›

Construction Managers plan, coordinate, and manage every aspect of a building project from start to finish. They consider weather conditions, and their schedules vary depending on how long a company wants them there. They also deal with what type of work needs to be done at any given time.

Is getting a degree in construction management worth it? ›

Higher Salary Potential

One of the best perks to becoming a construction manager is the pay raise included with the position. Those with a bachelor's degree in construction management earn an average of $95,000 per year with additional benefits.

Is the construction industry a good career? ›

The construction industry in California is booming. Demand for property in cities across the state continues to grow. This is driving the need for AEC firms to hire skilled professionals. This demand will create unlimited opportunities for construction professionals looking to level up.

Videos

1. SIM-RMIT University Bachelor of Applied Science (Construction Management) Programme Briefing
(SIM Global Education)
2. SIM-RMIT Bachelor of Applied Science (Construction Management) (full version)
(SIM Global Education)
3. LY528 - Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Construction Management
(ATU Donegal)
4. Explore Property, Construction and Project Management | RMIT University
(RMIT University)
5. Bachelor of Construction Management — High-demand and high-paying jobs
(WentworthInstTech)
6. BSc in Construction Management
(ATU Sligo)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Patricia Veum II

Last Updated: 29/08/2023

Views: 5965

Rating: 4.3 / 5 (44 voted)

Reviews: 91% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Patricia Veum II

Birthday: 1994-12-16

Address: 2064 Little Summit, Goldieton, MS 97651-0862

Phone: +6873952696715

Job: Principal Officer

Hobby: Rafting, Cabaret, Candle making, Jigsaw puzzles, Inline skating, Magic, Graffiti

Introduction: My name is Patricia Veum II, I am a vast, combative, smiling, famous, inexpensive, zealous, sparkling person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.